Saturday, 31 December 2011
Sunday, 15 May 2011
Molecular biology and basic techniques
Introduction
one of the key marcomoecular elements essential for the maintenance, integrity and functioning of all cells is proteins. Proteins are an essential yet diverse group of biomolecules encompassing enzymes, antibodies, transport and structural proteins, to name but a few. The synthesis of proteins is itself catalysed by enzymes and proteins; however, this process is ultimately directed by genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. DNA encodes all the information needed to specify the structure of every protein the cell can produce. The realisation that DNA lies behind all the cell's activities led to the development of molecular biology. Rather than a discrete area of biosciences, molecular biology is now accepted as a very important means of understanding and describing complex biological processes. The development of the methods and techniques to study processes at the molecular level has led to new and powerful ways of isolating, analyzing, manipulating and exploiting nucleic acids. It has also given rise to the development of new and exciting areas of the biological sciences such as biotechnology, genome mapping, molecular medicine and gene therapy.
In considering the potential utility of molecular biological techniques it is important to understand some of the fundamental attributes of the structures of nucleic acids and gain an appreciation of the how this dictates the function in vivo and in vitro. Indeed many techniques used in molecular biology mimic in some way the natural functions of nucleic acids, such as replication and transcription. This chapter is therefore intended to provide an overview of the general features of nucleic acid structure and function and describe some of the basic methods used in its isolation and analysis.
one of the key marcomoecular elements essential for the maintenance, integrity and functioning of all cells is proteins. Proteins are an essential yet diverse group of biomolecules encompassing enzymes, antibodies, transport and structural proteins, to name but a few. The synthesis of proteins is itself catalysed by enzymes and proteins; however, this process is ultimately directed by genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. DNA encodes all the information needed to specify the structure of every protein the cell can produce. The realisation that DNA lies behind all the cell's activities led to the development of molecular biology. Rather than a discrete area of biosciences, molecular biology is now accepted as a very important means of understanding and describing complex biological processes. The development of the methods and techniques to study processes at the molecular level has led to new and powerful ways of isolating, analyzing, manipulating and exploiting nucleic acids. It has also given rise to the development of new and exciting areas of the biological sciences such as biotechnology, genome mapping, molecular medicine and gene therapy.
In considering the potential utility of molecular biological techniques it is important to understand some of the fundamental attributes of the structures of nucleic acids and gain an appreciation of the how this dictates the function in vivo and in vitro. Indeed many techniques used in molecular biology mimic in some way the natural functions of nucleic acids, such as replication and transcription. This chapter is therefore intended to provide an overview of the general features of nucleic acid structure and function and describe some of the basic methods used in its isolation and analysis.
Tuesday, 3 May 2011
狼來了的結果
他與她在大草原遇見。
他是一位牧羊人，尋找一隻命中註定要看顧的綿羊；
她是一隻綿羊，尋找一位可以照顧她的人。
因為牧羊人與羊一起生活。
但是現實大草原上有一隻大灰狼，它終有一天會來找他們。
那時候牧羊人與羊要接受考驗，
看看他們是否真正需於對方。
成功戰勝了大灰狼，他們便能永遠一齊在大草原生活；
失敗了，各自都會受傷，他們會分離。
羊十分害怕這一天的來臨，她占卜，她幻想，她對自己對牧羊人沒有信心。
因為她是綿羊，雪白的羊毛下的皮肉脆弱細薄，只要受狼一爪，肉破血流後便會死去。
牧羊人也擔心狼的來臨，但是他樂觀地相信這一天最少二三年才來臨。
這兩年他要與羊開心地過，他要以對羊的細心照顧，令羊對他有十足的信心。
牧羊人不時嚇羊，想知道羊有沒有增加對其的信心。
他呼：「狼來了！」
而且呼了兩次。
羊受驚，生氣了。
她想報復，也呼起--狼來了。
然而這一次，狼真的來了。
牧羊人吃了一驚，魂魄未定。
萬萬都沒有想到狼會來得這麼快，才三個月的光陰。
是初次看見到狼? 是擔心羊受了傷害？是對突如其來的衝擊而不敢相信?
牧羊人失去了冷靜的心，不斷掙扎，不斷揮動手中的小刀，希望能趕走狼，
他希望通過這次考驗，
他太愛羊了，不想失去她！
...羊受傷了，而且是被小刀所傷。羊傷得很重，血和淚沒有停止流過，
牧羊人失敗了，完全地。
羊受傷後，離開了牧羊人，永遠離開這個傷心之地。
牧羊人曾努力挽留羊，但羊回應說：「你有能力照顧我嗎？」
就是這一句，牧羊人呆下了。..........
他是一位牧羊人，尋找一隻命中註定要看顧的綿羊；
她是一隻綿羊，尋找一位可以照顧她的人。
因為牧羊人與羊一起生活。
但是現實大草原上有一隻大灰狼，它終有一天會來找他們。
那時候牧羊人與羊要接受考驗，
看看他們是否真正需於對方。
成功戰勝了大灰狼，他們便能永遠一齊在大草原生活；
失敗了，各自都會受傷，他們會分離。
羊十分害怕這一天的來臨，她占卜，她幻想，她對自己對牧羊人沒有信心。
因為她是綿羊，雪白的羊毛下的皮肉脆弱細薄，只要受狼一爪，肉破血流後便會死去。
牧羊人也擔心狼的來臨，但是他樂觀地相信這一天最少二三年才來臨。
這兩年他要與羊開心地過，他要以對羊的細心照顧，令羊對他有十足的信心。
牧羊人不時嚇羊，想知道羊有沒有增加對其的信心。
他呼：「狼來了！」
而且呼了兩次。
羊受驚，生氣了。
她想報復，也呼起--狼來了。
然而這一次，狼真的來了。
牧羊人吃了一驚，魂魄未定。
萬萬都沒有想到狼會來得這麼快，才三個月的光陰。
是初次看見到狼? 是擔心羊受了傷害？是對突如其來的衝擊而不敢相信?
牧羊人失去了冷靜的心，不斷掙扎，不斷揮動手中的小刀，希望能趕走狼，
他希望通過這次考驗，
他太愛羊了，不想失去她！
...羊受傷了，而且是被小刀所傷。羊傷得很重，血和淚沒有停止流過，
牧羊人失敗了，完全地。
羊受傷後，離開了牧羊人，永遠離開這個傷心之地。
牧羊人曾努力挽留羊，但羊回應說：「你有能力照顧我嗎？」
就是這一句，牧羊人呆下了。..........
Sunday, 1 May 2011
cheapest watches on sold~
D&G
TissotTIssot
Casio、Titus、Seiko
burberry
others
brand new
70% of the original selling price (shown on the pictures)
buy more get more discount~
interest parties contact me : gmonlineshop@hotmail.com.hk
or phone 94786686
Thursday, 28 April 2011
Production of Bacitracin (a polypeptide antibiotic)
Units for medium preparation
1. Seed cooker and 2. Fermentor:
Cook and sterilize medium for the seed/production fermentors. The name "cooker" implies "cook meals" for the organisms, which breaks down large molecules such as starch and proteins into small ones suitable for fermentation by heating and alkaline hydrolysis.
3. Hot water tank
Containing the hot water to be used for the cooker
Inoculum preparation: by seed tank or intermediate seed tank (to grow the organisms in a smaller culture vessel to be used a seed for a larger vessel)
4. Mash cooler: To cool down the mash from cooker and utilize the heat to heat up water.
Units for inoculum preparation:
5. Intermediate culture tank
to prepare inoculum for seed tank,
6. seed tank
for the large fermentor. (The intermediate tank is seeded with flask culture.)
Downstream processing units-- Isolation of the products: by the centrifugal extractor.
7. Filter press: to remove cell debris by filtration. Removal of insoluble components.
8. Char adsorption: removal of impurities from the product solution. Purification product
1. Seed cooker and 2. Fermentor:
Cook and sterilize medium for the seed/production fermentors. The name "cooker" implies "cook meals" for the organisms, which breaks down large molecules such as starch and proteins into small ones suitable for fermentation by heating and alkaline hydrolysis.
3. Hot water tank
Containing the hot water to be used for the cooker
Inoculum preparation: by seed tank or intermediate seed tank (to grow the organisms in a smaller culture vessel to be used a seed for a larger vessel)
4. Mash cooler: To cool down the mash from cooker and utilize the heat to heat up water.
Units for inoculum preparation:
5. Intermediate culture tank
to prepare inoculum for seed tank,
6. seed tank
for the large fermentor. (The intermediate tank is seeded with flask culture.)
Downstream processing units-- Isolation of the products: by the centrifugal extractor.
7. Filter press: to remove cell debris by filtration. Removal of insoluble components.
8. Char adsorption: removal of impurities from the product solution. Purification product
Wednesday, 27 April 2011
Microscopy -- Introduction
Biochemical analysis is frequently accompanied by microscopic examination of tisse , cell or organelle preparations. Such examinations are used in many different applications; for example, to evaluate the integrity of samples during an experiment, to map the fine details of the spatial distribution of macromolecules within cells, or to directly measure biochemical events within living tissues.
There are two fundamentally different types of microscope; the light microscope and the electron microscope.Light microscopes use a series of glass lenses to focus light in order to form an image whereas electron microscopes are electromagnetic lenses to focus a beam of electrons. Light microscopes are able to magnify to a maximum of approximately 1500 times whereas electron microscopes are capable of magnifying a maximum of approximately 200000times.
Magnification is not, however, the best measure of a microscope. Rather resolution, the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced points in a specimen, is much more reliable estimate of a microscope’s utility. Light microscopes have a resolution limit of about 0.5 micrometres (um) for routine analysis. In contrast, electron microscopes have a resolutions of up to 1 nanometre (nm). Both living and dead specimens are viewed with an electron microscope, and often in real color, whereas only dead ones are viewed with an electron microscope, and never in real color. Recent advancements have improved upon the 0.2um resolution limit of the lgith microscope for some special applications.
Applications of the microscope in biochemtry may be relatively simple and routine; for example, a quick check of the status of a cell preparation or of cells growing in tissue culture. Here, a simple bench-top
Saturday, 23 April 2011
盲目投資 抗通脹不成反蝕錢
理財多面睇 李兆波 4月 21日 星期四
近期市民關注的焦點是通脹升溫，與普羅大眾息息相關的衣食住行樣樣加，但偏偏人工加幅追不上通脹。通脹的厲害之處是在不知不覺間降低市民購買力及生活質素。
筆者記得二十多年前，一碗淨河粉賣一點5元，現在平均最少12元，可見物價飛升。
朋友A的父親在六十年代月入300元，相較當年其他人平均月薪百多元，朋友A的父親是非常富有。朋友A說當年新蒲崗的單位不超過一萬元，無論是首期或是日後的按揭供款，他的父親都能從容應付。可是朋友A的父親覺得「拿著現金」更為實在，加上對通脹及貶值等知識缺乏認知，
所以朋友A的父親沒有買樓。40多年後，結果大家都可猜想得到，朋友A的父親退休後，僅靠當時很龐大、但現已貶值的積蓄，過著省吃儉用的生活，更不用說新蒲崗部分新落成的單位呎價已超過1萬元（當然房屋質素、面積及景觀不能直接比較）。
通脹加劇，現金不斷貶值，購買力下降。因此，不少人會把資金投入資產市場，對抗通脹，連平時不作投資的人，也會在身邊其他人的耳濡目染下，膽粗粗地投資起來。可是，不作分析、只是人云亦云地盲目投資，不單未能對抗通脹，更可能將辛苦累積的金錢白白損失，把錢掉進咸水海。
筆者身邊一些年輕、投資經驗淺的朋友，特別喜歡投資三、四線或創業板的股票。筆者不是說這些股票不好，而是投資這些股票需要更深入的分析，以判斷哪些是有潛力的優質股，哪些是避之則吉的股票。
朋友B早前購買一隻有本地零售業務的股票，但他並沒有分析便高位入貨，結果股價不斷下跌，更甚是股票十合一後，股價續跌，令他損失慘重。但他沒有反省，轉過頭重蹈覆轍。他聽到其他朋友的「消息」，便購買某隻創業板股票，起初他真的賺錢（不過數百元），所以他投入更多金錢在那隻「消息股」，結果股價下挫，金錢化為烏有。
相對購買消費品，你都會貨比三家，又會在同類貨品挑選，把最美、最優質的貨品買回家。何況你現在用的是你辛勤工作得來的金錢，用來投資就應該更加謹慎。投資不是購入「金額細、看上去便宜」的股票，而是買一些有投資價值的股票。如果朋友B將儲蓄購買藍籌股如內銀股，連股息及股價升幅，在過去一年要爭取25%回報不難，這總比將儲蓄分作多份，然後買些「注碼細」但近乎賭博的股票更佳。
李兆波
中大酒店及旅遊管理學院會計及財務高級導師
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
筆者論點都正確, 但以二十多年前，一碗淨河粉賣一點5元，現在平均最少12元，來得出物價飛升, 我覺得有些不切合。五年內的物價比較已經好明顯，用到二十年前，比我感覺如果今天與遠古比。
人工不加是事實，特別是對於長工來說。長工五年都沒有加人工，相反，一些實力派在不斷跳槽下，人工暴升。在些不是叫人跳槽，不過大多數老闆都不會主動加價，因為通漲都令成本增加!
唉打工仔同老闆都成為通漲的受害者。但是有人受害者必有人受益，誰是通漲的受益者?下回分解。
完
筆者記得二十多年前，一碗淨河粉賣一點5元，現在平均最少12元，可見物價飛升。
所以朋友A的父親沒有買樓。40多年後，結果大家都可猜想得到，朋友A的父親退休後，僅靠當時很龐大、但現已貶值的積蓄，過著省吃儉用的生活，更不用說新蒲崗部分新落成的單位呎價已超過1萬元（當然房屋質素、面積及景觀不能直接比較）。
通脹加劇，現金不斷貶值，購買力下降。因此，不少人會把資金投入資產市場，對抗通脹，連平時不作投資的人，也會在身邊其他人的耳濡目染下，膽粗粗地投資起來。可是，不作分析、只是人云亦云地盲目投資，不單未能對抗通脹，更可能將辛苦累積的金錢白白損失，把錢掉進咸水海。
筆者身邊一些年輕、投資經驗淺的朋友，特別喜歡投資三、四線或創業板的股票。筆者不是說這些股票不好，而是投資這些股票需要更深入的分析，以判斷哪些是有潛力的優質股，哪些是避之則吉的股票。
朋友B早前購買一隻有本地零售業務的股票，但他並沒有分析便高位入貨，結果股價不斷下跌，更甚是股票十合一後，股價續跌，令他損失慘重。但他沒有反省，轉過頭重蹈覆轍。他聽到其他朋友的「消息」，便購買某隻創業板股票，起初他真的賺錢（不過數百元），所以他投入更多金錢在那隻「消息股」，結果股價下挫，金錢化為烏有。
相對購買消費品，你都會貨比三家，又會在同類貨品挑選，把最美、最優質的貨品買回家。何況你現在用的是你辛勤工作得來的金錢，用來投資就應該更加謹慎。投資不是購入「金額細、看上去便宜」的股票，而是買一些有投資價值的股票。如果朋友B將儲蓄購買藍籌股如內銀股，連股息及股價升幅，在過去一年要爭取25%回報不難，這總比將儲蓄分作多份，然後買些「注碼細」但近乎賭博的股票更佳。
李兆波
中大酒店及旅遊管理學院會計及財務高級導師
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
筆者論點都正確, 但以二十多年前，一碗淨河粉賣一點5元，現在平均最少12元，來得出物價飛升, 我覺得有些不切合。五年內的物價比較已經好明顯，用到二十年前，比我感覺如果今天與遠古比。
人工不加是事實，特別是對於長工來說。長工五年都沒有加人工，相反，一些實力派在不斷跳槽下，人工暴升。在些不是叫人跳槽，不過大多數老闆都不會主動加價，因為通漲都令成本增加!
唉打工仔同老闆都成為通漲的受害者。但是有人受害者必有人受益，誰是通漲的受益者?下回分解。
完
very interesting design blog!!
The design is very unique and interesting~some even can make you laugh~
http://design-logbook.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2009-11-19T23%3A29%3A00%2B08%3A00&max-results=10
http://design-logbook.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2009-11-19T23%3A29%3A00%2B08%3A00&max-results=10
Wednesday, 20 April 2011
Applications of Ultrafiltration
Although dialysis is still used occasionally as a purification tool, it has been largely replaced by gel filtration adn ultrafiltration techniques. The major disadvantage of dialysis that is overcome by the newer method is that it may take several days of dialysis to attain a suitable separation. The other methods require 1-2 hours or less.
Ultrafiltration involves the separation of molecular species on the basis of size, shape, and/or charge. The solution to be separated is forced through a membrane under teh influence of high pressure or centrifual force. Membranes may be chosen for optimum flow rate, molecular specificity, and molecular weight coutoff. Two applications of membrane filtration are obvious:
1) desalting buffers or other solutions and
2) clarification of turbid solutions by removal of micron- or submicron- sized particles. Other applications are discussed below.
Membrane filters are divided into two major classes, depth and screen. Depth filters, which may be composed of paper, cotton, or fiberglass, function by trapping particles primarily within the "depths" of the filter matrix. The interior of these filters is a random arrangement of fiber material forming tiny channels. Particles that are larger than the passages are retained in the filter by entrapment in the matrix. Since they are thick, depth filters have a high load capacity, retaining particles both on the surface and within teh matrix. In adddition, they have relatively high flow rates, are inert to most solvents, and are inexpensive. Howeverm they have several disadvantages, including
1) ill-defined and variable pore sizes due to a random matrix,
2) exxtensive absorption and loss of liquid filtrate, and
3) loss of filter fragments that contaminate the filtrate.
Many of these disadvantages are overcome by screen filters, which have uniform pore size. The screen filters function by retaining particles on their surfaces rather than within the matrix. The most widely used screen-type filters are composed of polycarbonate and cellulose esters (cellulose nitrate adn acetate). Membrane filters of these materials can be manufactured with a predetermined and accurately controlled pore size. Filters are available with a mean pore size ranging from 0.025 to 15 um. These filters clog more readily than do depth filters and require suction, pressure, or centrifugal force for liquid flow. A typical flow rate for the commonly used 0.45 -um membrane is 57 mL min-1 cm-2 at 10 psi. Clogging can be reduced by combining depth and screen filters. The depth filter serves as a "prefilter" to remove particles that would rapidly clog the screen filter.
Ultrafiltration devices are available for macroseparations (up to 50 L) or for microseparations (milli- to microliters). For solutions larger than a few milliliters, gas-pressurized cells or suction-filter devices are used. For concentration and purification of samples in the milli- to microliter range, disposable filters are available. These devices, often called microconcentrators, offer the user simplicity, time saving, and high recovery. The sample is placed in a reservoir above the membrane and centrifuged in a fixed-angle rotator. The time and centrifugal force required depend on the membrane, with spin times varying from 30 minutes to 2 hours and forces from 1000 x g to 7500 x g. These are available from a variety of sources, including Schleicher and Schuell, Bio-Rad, Pierce, Amicon, and Millipore.
The principles behind ultrafiltration are sometimes misunderstood. The nomenclature implies that separation are the result of physical trapping of the particles and molecules by teh filter. With polycarbonate and fiberglass filters, separations are made primarily on teh basis of physical size. Other filters (cellulose nitrate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and to a lesser extent cellulose acetate) trap particles that cannot pass through the pores, but also retain macromolecules by adsorption. In particular, these materials have protein and nucleic acid bingin properties. Each type of membrance displays a different affinity for various molecules. For protein, the relative binding affinity is polyvinylidene fluoride > cellulose nitrate > cellulose acetate. We can expect to see many applications of the "affinity membranes" in the future as the various membrane surface chemistries of macromolecules and quantitative binding assays.
Ultrafiltration involves the separation of molecular species on the basis of size, shape, and/or charge. The solution to be separated is forced through a membrane under teh influence of high pressure or centrifual force. Membranes may be chosen for optimum flow rate, molecular specificity, and molecular weight coutoff. Two applications of membrane filtration are obvious:
1) desalting buffers or other solutions and
2) clarification of turbid solutions by removal of micron- or submicron- sized particles. Other applications are discussed below.
Membrane filters are divided into two major classes, depth and screen. Depth filters, which may be composed of paper, cotton, or fiberglass, function by trapping particles primarily within the "depths" of the filter matrix. The interior of these filters is a random arrangement of fiber material forming tiny channels. Particles that are larger than the passages are retained in the filter by entrapment in the matrix. Since they are thick, depth filters have a high load capacity, retaining particles both on the surface and within teh matrix. In adddition, they have relatively high flow rates, are inert to most solvents, and are inexpensive. Howeverm they have several disadvantages, including
1) ill-defined and variable pore sizes due to a random matrix,
2) exxtensive absorption and loss of liquid filtrate, and
3) loss of filter fragments that contaminate the filtrate.
Many of these disadvantages are overcome by screen filters, which have uniform pore size. The screen filters function by retaining particles on their surfaces rather than within the matrix. The most widely used screen-type filters are composed of polycarbonate and cellulose esters (cellulose nitrate adn acetate). Membrane filters of these materials can be manufactured with a predetermined and accurately controlled pore size. Filters are available with a mean pore size ranging from 0.025 to 15 um. These filters clog more readily than do depth filters and require suction, pressure, or centrifugal force for liquid flow. A typical flow rate for the commonly used 0.45 -um membrane is 57 mL min-1 cm-2 at 10 psi. Clogging can be reduced by combining depth and screen filters. The depth filter serves as a "prefilter" to remove particles that would rapidly clog the screen filter.
Ultrafiltration devices are available for macroseparations (up to 50 L) or for microseparations (milli- to microliters). For solutions larger than a few milliliters, gas-pressurized cells or suction-filter devices are used. For concentration and purification of samples in the milli- to microliter range, disposable filters are available. These devices, often called microconcentrators, offer the user simplicity, time saving, and high recovery. The sample is placed in a reservoir above the membrane and centrifuged in a fixed-angle rotator. The time and centrifugal force required depend on the membrane, with spin times varying from 30 minutes to 2 hours and forces from 1000 x g to 7500 x g. These are available from a variety of sources, including Schleicher and Schuell, Bio-Rad, Pierce, Amicon, and Millipore.
The principles behind ultrafiltration are sometimes misunderstood. The nomenclature implies that separation are the result of physical trapping of the particles and molecules by teh filter. With polycarbonate and fiberglass filters, separations are made primarily on teh basis of physical size. Other filters (cellulose nitrate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and to a lesser extent cellulose acetate) trap particles that cannot pass through the pores, but also retain macromolecules by adsorption. In particular, these materials have protein and nucleic acid bingin properties. Each type of membrance displays a different affinity for various molecules. For protein, the relative binding affinity is polyvinylidene fluoride > cellulose nitrate > cellulose acetate. We can expect to see many applications of the "affinity membranes" in the future as the various membrane surface chemistries of macromolecules and quantitative binding assays.
狼的眼睛裡映照著羊的溫柔淚光
Modified vision
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
有一隻撒潑的狼
帶著一點暴裂的天性，
也帶著一點純真的天性。
這隻狼，想留在羊群裡，不想再過著飄浪的生活，
牠想變成一隻人見人愛的羊....
於是，牠靠近了一隻羊，
或許這一隻羊太天真而不知道害怕, 牠收留了狼。
狼因為這樣的善意而感動，伸手撫摸羊的臉頰，溫柔抓出一道血痕，
狼不知所措，羊留下了一滴淚，
血淚混合了, 流出狼的根本罪惡與羊的心疼。
----不合群的動物，註定被放逐。
狼與羊以為，這不過是一種謬誤，
他們想擁有創造的寧靜的奇蹟。
狼快樂的時候，滿地打滾，踩壞羊要吃的草﹔
狼發脾氣的時候，咬傷了這隻羊，
但羊知道，那不過是一種孤獨的乞憐。
羊帶著滿身傷痕，狼帶著滿身歉疚，
為著當初的堅持再走一段路。
總是會有一天，狼會放棄，因為牠天生擁有利爪與尖牙﹔
總是會有一天，羊會放棄，因為牠天生擁有沉默與溫柔。
.........
狼回到狼群裡，試圖與同伴相處，
學習一樣的行為模式，
但是，牠已經遺忘了殺戮，
因為牠曾經愛過一隻羊，
牠不再啃食一頭羊。
牠的同伴不愛牠，
因為它已經不是一隻純粹的狼，
牠的眼睛裡映照著羊的溫柔淚光。
離開了愛人，脫離似是而非的痛苦，我們得到解脫的自由，
但再不完整，
我們的心有一部份被打包了，
隨著離人浪跡另一個天涯。
而我們身上帶著再沒人能解開的密碼，
裝著另一個人心的一部分，
走向未知的遠方。
我們，總是像我們又愛又恨的人，
回到了狼群裡的狼，已經學會了羊的沉默﹔
回到了羊群裡的羊，已經學會狼的好強。
於是識途老馬會愛上識途老馬，
但這不過是老馬們之間無法解釋的宿命性的默契，
因為看見狼的眼中羊的眼淚。
有多少人，帶著沉默與好強，在茫茫人海中，
妄想一個純粹的眼淚或者一個純粹的暴裂？
已經愛過，就沒有純粹﹔
一顆縫過的心，
總會在雨季隱隱作痛。
每一株玫瑰都有刺；正如每一個人的性格中，都有你不能容忍的部份。
愛護一朵玫瑰，並不是得努力把它的刺根除，
只能學習如何不被它的刺刺傷；
還有，如何不讓自己的刺刺傷心愛的人。
很多事情，錯過了就沒有了；錯過了就是會變的,緣份也是
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
有一隻撒潑的狼
帶著一點暴裂的天性，
也帶著一點純真的天性。
這隻狼，想留在羊群裡，不想再過著飄浪的生活，
牠想變成一隻人見人愛的羊....
於是，牠靠近了一隻羊，
或許這一隻羊太天真而不知道害怕, 牠收留了狼。
狼因為這樣的善意而感動，伸手撫摸羊的臉頰，溫柔抓出一道血痕，
狼不知所措，羊留下了一滴淚，
血淚混合了, 流出狼的根本罪惡與羊的心疼。
----不合群的動物，註定被放逐。
狼與羊以為，這不過是一種謬誤，
他們想擁有創造的寧靜的奇蹟。
狼快樂的時候，滿地打滾，踩壞羊要吃的草﹔
狼發脾氣的時候，咬傷了這隻羊，
但羊知道，那不過是一種孤獨的乞憐。
羊帶著滿身傷痕，狼帶著滿身歉疚，
為著當初的堅持再走一段路。
總是會有一天，狼會放棄，因為牠天生擁有利爪與尖牙﹔
總是會有一天，羊會放棄，因為牠天生擁有沉默與溫柔。
.........
狼回到狼群裡，試圖與同伴相處，
學習一樣的行為模式，
但是，牠已經遺忘了殺戮，
因為牠曾經愛過一隻羊，
牠不再啃食一頭羊。
牠的同伴不愛牠，
因為它已經不是一隻純粹的狼，
牠的眼睛裡映照著羊的溫柔淚光。
離開了愛人，脫離似是而非的痛苦，我們得到解脫的自由，
但再不完整，
我們的心有一部份被打包了，
隨著離人浪跡另一個天涯。
而我們身上帶著再沒人能解開的密碼，
裝著另一個人心的一部分，
走向未知的遠方。
我們，總是像我們又愛又恨的人，
回到了狼群裡的狼，已經學會了羊的沉默﹔
回到了羊群裡的羊，已經學會狼的好強。
於是識途老馬會愛上識途老馬，
但這不過是老馬們之間無法解釋的宿命性的默契，
因為看見狼的眼中羊的眼淚。
有多少人，帶著沉默與好強，在茫茫人海中，
妄想一個純粹的眼淚或者一個純粹的暴裂？
已經愛過，就沒有純粹﹔
一顆縫過的心，
總會在雨季隱隱作痛。
每一株玫瑰都有刺；正如每一個人的性格中，都有你不能容忍的部份。
愛護一朵玫瑰，並不是得努力把它的刺根除，
只能學習如何不被它的刺刺傷；
還有，如何不讓自己的刺刺傷心愛的人。
很多事情，錯過了就沒有了；錯過了就是會變的,緣份也是
316
After finished the ABCT316 report, when i was surfing the net
a stock caught my eyes.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0316.HK 東方海外(國際)有限公司
末期股息: 美元 0.2300 特別股息: 美元 2.0930
2011/04/21 除淨
drop to
時間:2011年4月21日 上午 6:39 HKT|
a stock caught my eyes.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0316.HK 東方海外(國際)有限公司
| 成交量 | : 6,245,263 |
| 平均成交(3個月) | : 1,145,160 |
| P/E (ttm) | : 2.830 |
| 市值 | : 41.116B |
| 每股盈利 (ttm) | : 23.19 |
| 股息及溢利 | : 0.800 |
| 每手股數 | : 500 ($40 000) |
| 今日波幅 | : 82.200 - 87.000 |
| 52週波幅 | : 48.500 - 85.350 |
2011/04/21 除淨
drop to
收市價 65.680
[20.620 (23.893%)]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
predict to increase to 75.00-80.00
sell at 75.00
藉網上聊天 誘會面獻身 內地假公安騙港女財色
(星島)2011年4月20日 星期三 05:30
(綜合報道)
(星島日報 報道)假公安、真騙財色，港女小心！一名三度判囚、專呃港女的內地積犯，今年初出獄後死不悔改，又再冒警及在知名網站「QQ」聊天招搖撞騙，先後哄得多名包括港女獻身奉財，當中一名港女人財兩失後，仍不知愛郎是情場騙子，直至警方破案聯絡她時才如夢初醒。
本報記者
網上聊天淪為老千騙財騙色工具，羅湖 警方日前拘捕一名假公安，涉案男子疑捉摸到無知女子心態，認為「警察不會騙人」，利用偽造警察證及手銬冒警，再在網上「釣」女網友，騙財騙色，不少港女已中招。
據內地傳媒報道，其中一名受害港女阿麗，三十六歲，在一家酒店工作。她早前在網上透過「QQ」聊天認識一名內地男子，對方自稱是民警，並向阿麗發送身穿警服的照片，阿麗不虞有詐，兩人其後相約在深圳 會面。
警破案始如夢初醒
兩人首次約會是在一幢公安機關大樓外，騙徒為增加可信性，特意穿著警服由公安機關大樓步出，阿麗見此深信不疑，逐漸與對方發展成男女朋友及性關係。其後對方以遺失銀包、繳交公安局房產證為由，多次向阿麗借錢，阿麗並為他買煙，共被騙逾萬元人民幣，直至警方破案前仍懵然不知上當。
三十四歲姓劉疑犯為江西人，曾因販毒及阻差辦公兩度入獄，至○九年六月，劉出獄後再偽造兩張分別是廣東省深圳市公安局三處的假警察證，職級分別是主任科員及三級警督。同月，內地警方進行截查車輛行動時，身穿警服的劉剛駕車途經，遭揭發冒警被捕判囚。
至今年一月，劉刑滿出獄後故伎重施再度犯案，找人偽造警察證及兩張不同名字內地身分證，並購置手銬等「道具」，今年一月至本月中，透過網上聊天物色受害人，結識多名年約二十多至三十多歲的女性，成功取得女事主信任後，發生性關係再借故騙財。
日前，羅湖清水河派出所配合市經偵部門處理另一宗案件時，在深圳寶安北路近紅崗路附近一個單位，截獲一名女子及劉，當場在劉皮包內檢獲手銬、假警察證件及偽造身分證，再憑手機短訊資料，聯絡到劉的多名「女友」，當中包括有港女，而其中一人正是阿麗，她協助警方調查時才如夢初醒。
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
劉氏正人渣!!
港女人太蠢了.
(星島日報 報道)假公安、真騙財色，港女小心！一名三度判囚、專呃港女的內地積犯，今年初出獄後死不悔改，又再冒警及在知名網站「QQ」聊天招搖撞騙，先後哄得多名包括港女獻身奉財，當中一名港女人財兩失後，仍不知愛郎是情場騙子，直至警方破案聯絡她時才如夢初醒。
本報記者
網上聊天淪為老千騙財騙色工具，羅湖 警方日前拘捕一名假公安，涉案男子疑捉摸到無知女子心態，認為「警察不會騙人」，利用偽造警察證及手銬冒警，再在網上「釣」女網友，騙財騙色，不少港女已中招。
據內地傳媒報道，其中一名受害港女阿麗，三十六歲，在一家酒店工作。她早前在網上透過「QQ」聊天認識一名內地男子，對方自稱是民警，並向阿麗發送身穿警服的照片，阿麗不虞有詐，兩人其後相約在深圳 會面。
警破案始如夢初醒
兩人首次約會是在一幢公安機關大樓外，騙徒為增加可信性，特意穿著警服由公安機關大樓步出，阿麗見此深信不疑，逐漸與對方發展成男女朋友及性關係。其後對方以遺失銀包、繳交公安局房產證為由，多次向阿麗借錢，阿麗並為他買煙，共被騙逾萬元人民幣，直至警方破案前仍懵然不知上當。
三十四歲姓劉疑犯為江西人，曾因販毒及阻差辦公兩度入獄，至○九年六月，劉出獄後再偽造兩張分別是廣東省深圳市公安局三處的假警察證，職級分別是主任科員及三級警督。同月，內地警方進行截查車輛行動時，身穿警服的劉剛駕車途經，遭揭發冒警被捕判囚。
至今年一月，劉刑滿出獄後故伎重施再度犯案，找人偽造警察證及兩張不同名字內地身分證，並購置手銬等「道具」，今年一月至本月中，透過網上聊天物色受害人，結識多名年約二十多至三十多歲的女性，成功取得女事主信任後，發生性關係再借故騙財。
日前，羅湖清水河派出所配合市經偵部門處理另一宗案件時，在深圳寶安北路近紅崗路附近一個單位，截獲一名女子及劉，當場在劉皮包內檢獲手銬、假警察證件及偽造身分證，再憑手機短訊資料，聯絡到劉的多名「女友」，當中包括有港女，而其中一人正是阿麗，她協助警方調查時才如夢初醒。
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
劉氏正人渣!!
港女人太蠢了.
綜援4口家 網上傳月入2.2萬
(經濟日報)2011年4月21日 星期四 06:00
【經濟日報專訊】政府派6,000元，還有關愛基金扶貧，但這次社會衍生的，並非仇富、而是仇貧。
網上熱傳一張清單，列舉4人綜援 家庭今年平均月入可達2.2萬元，較一般打工仔家庭收入更好，惹起不少網友忿忿不平；但經社工核實後，發現數字內容存誤導成分，但因今年派錢多，4人綜援家庭平均月入逾1.3萬元。社工批評網上不負責任流傳，負面標籤綜援，但認為政府有責任，因為派錢目的解說不清，易令人誤會綜援人士享雙重福利。
派錢目的 社工指解說不清
「實在太氣憤，比剛跌入稅網的打工一族超出許多！」本港各大討論區，近日流傳一張今年一家四口綜援家庭收入清單，列舉所有基本綜援、再加上津貼及派糖措施後，發現平均月入近2.2萬（見表），引來大批網友議論紛紛，有的反應愕然，批評不公平，表示若一般人有此收入，還需要交稅。
然而，香港社區組織協會 社區組織幹事吳衛東看完清單後，直指該流傳版不盡不實，包括將單身和4人家庭綜援金混為一談、學生車船津貼是按地區最便宜的交通費用計算；而水費電費津貼，亦只限60歲以上或傷殘人士。
部分津貼一次性 亦有限制
此外，清單內的書簿津貼等項目，並非實際「有錢過手」，是子女真的要用；而眼鏡津貼也是一次性的。他認為，以該方式計算，並不公平。
有心水清的網友，亦質疑清單誤導，最明顯的是關愛基金提供學前訓練津貼，每月2,500元，一年2名小朋友相等於6萬元，但網友踢爆，對象其實是正輪候學前特殊教育的殘疾學童。
不過，因政府派6,000元，部分關愛基金項目又可供綜援家庭子女申請，記者粗略計算，4人綜援家庭今年平均每月收益可達逾1.3萬元。
有社署 前線人員認為，最大的問題是將18歲以上派6,000元，也計算入內：「既然人人都有的，大家都有這bonus，但特別放在綜援家庭計算，就令人覺得又雙糧，又派錢，是雙重福利。」他表示，激起這樣的盾矛，是因為今年較特別，政府派錢較多，但又沒有好好解釋。
吳衛東認為，若以月入8,000元的低收入家庭，跟綜援家庭比較，然後說對低收入家庭不公平，是：「用窮人打壓窮人！」他指問題是政府不承認全港有100萬窮人，政府不是要鼓勵窮人領綜援，是要為低收入人士或家庭，也提供一些津貼。
綜援戶：如有不用做散工幫補
對於網上流傳，申領綜援的阿成反駁：「沒這麼誇張呀，如果有，就不用做散工幫補！」他坦言，領綜援並不好受，子女不敢向任何朋友或同學說自己來自綜援家庭：「家長日如非必要不會去，拿到成績表後，即時離開！」
關注綜援檢討聯盟組織幹事李大成表示，社署應向公眾灌輸正確意識，現在已不是濫不濫用綜援，而且讓人清楚知道申領綜援的制度，正面面對，加強市民對綜援認知，明白各有困難。
更多經濟日報網站內容, 請登入hket.com
會計/Accounting
四大會計師行佔左整個市場六成以上:
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu 德勤關王陳方會計師行 (Delo, DTT)
Ernst & Young 安永會計師事務所 (EY)
KPMG 畢馬威會計師事務所 (KP, KPMG)
Pricewaterhouse Cooper 羅兵咸永道會計師事務所 (內地稱普華永道會計師事務所) (PWC, 水房,水記)
除四大行外,以下的有規模中型行亦應該至少知道:
CCIF 陳葉馮會計師事務所
RSM Nelson Wheeler 羅申美會計師事務所
Grant Thornton 均富會計師事務所 (GT)
Moores Rowland Mazars 摩斯倫．馬賽會計師事務所
HLB Hodgson Impey Cheng 國衛會計師事務所
Horwath HK 浩華會計師事務所
PKF 梁學濂會計師事務所
Baker Tilly HK 香港天華會計師事務所
BDO McCabe Lo 德豪嘉信會計師事務所 (BDO)
Nexia Charles Mar Fan 馬炎璋會計師行
Lak & Associates 力恒會計師事務所有限公司
Shinewing (HK) 信永中和會計師事務所 (前Ho and Ho, 何錫麟會計師事務所)
Li, Tang, Chan 李湯陳會計師事務所
Ting Ho Kwan & Chan 丁何關陳會計師事務所
另有關會計相關公司亦應有所認識:
Tricor Service (EY會計部分拆出之新公司,現售予東亞銀行)
KCS Limited (KPMG會計部拆出之新公司,並并入GT之會計部)
Accenture (Arthur Andersen的殘骸、亦可說是靈魂所在,前稱Andersen Consulting,Turnover比任何一間Big 4還要大)
個人經驗:在上述某中型行見工時都會被人問一句:點解唔申請/有冇申請四大行 或 有冇計劃將來申請。如果唔知人問緊乜絕對番屋企等消息。
一般四大會計師行及部份中型行會於九月起到各大大學舉行招聘講座。若沒有到貴校舉行或海外歸來學生可直接瀏覽其網頁之招聘欄,亦有本地學生錯過一般招聘程序而個別申請並獲聘的例子。
而一般四大行招聘均由兩至三次interview、assessment center甚至online test組成,間間不同而經常改變,但於其網頁多有詳述。
四大行聘請新人未必理會申請人主修科目,每年均有招聘不少其他主修如金融、管理甚至物理、電腦等。當大多數新人需應考HKICPA的QP專業試時,四大亦會提供所需的「轉制課程」,然請留意合約上多有聲明短時間離職可能需為該「轉制課程」付款。除此以外,亦有為考生提供補習班、study leave及no-paid leave等。
LCCI 英國倫敦工商會 http://www.lccieb.com/Web/lccieb/index.aspx
LCCI 係英國其實仲有好多exam, 基本上有關商業的原素都有得考. 就連打字都有. 但係香港, 比較多人熟悉的就是 account. 因為報紙請人多數係lcci (account clerk). 而lcci account 當中又可分為4個級別(level 1-4). 市場上一般考到level 3經已足夠.
Level 2 係等於 中五 會考會計學原理既 syllabus. Level 3 係 中七. 由於LCCI只係集中考account為主. 所以對升識幫助吾大. 但卻係入account 行業的初階要求. 同時 LCCI 係無需順住考. 您夠膽, 又夠料. 可以直考 level 3 or 4. skip左任何一張都得. 您考到果張pass, 就視為award 果個資格. 而且係吾睇經驗
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu 德勤關王陳方會計師行 (Delo, DTT)
Ernst & Young 安永會計師事務所 (EY)
KPMG 畢馬威會計師事務所 (KP, KPMG)
Pricewaterhouse Cooper 羅兵咸永道會計師事務所 (內地稱普華永道會計師事務所) (PWC, 水房,水記)
除四大行外,以下的有規模中型行亦應該至少知道:
CCIF 陳葉馮會計師事務所
RSM Nelson Wheeler 羅申美會計師事務所
Grant Thornton 均富會計師事務所 (GT)
Moores Rowland Mazars 摩斯倫．馬賽會計師事務所
HLB Hodgson Impey Cheng 國衛會計師事務所
Horwath HK 浩華會計師事務所
PKF 梁學濂會計師事務所
Baker Tilly HK 香港天華會計師事務所
BDO McCabe Lo 德豪嘉信會計師事務所 (BDO)
Nexia Charles Mar Fan 馬炎璋會計師行
Lak & Associates 力恒會計師事務所有限公司
Shinewing (HK) 信永中和會計師事務所 (前Ho and Ho, 何錫麟會計師事務所)
Li, Tang, Chan 李湯陳會計師事務所
Ting Ho Kwan & Chan 丁何關陳會計師事務所
另有關會計相關公司亦應有所認識:
Tricor Service (EY會計部分拆出之新公司,現售予東亞銀行)
KCS Limited (KPMG會計部拆出之新公司,並并入GT之會計部)
Accenture (Arthur Andersen的殘骸、亦可說是靈魂所在,前稱Andersen Consulting,Turnover比任何一間Big 4還要大)
個人經驗:在上述某中型行見工時都會被人問一句:點解唔申請/有冇申請四大行 或 有冇計劃將來申請。如果唔知人問緊乜絕對番屋企等消息。
一般四大會計師行及部份中型行會於九月起到各大大學舉行招聘講座。若沒有到貴校舉行或海外歸來學生可直接瀏覽其網頁之招聘欄,亦有本地學生錯過一般招聘程序而個別申請並獲聘的例子。
而一般四大行招聘均由兩至三次interview、assessment center甚至online test組成,間間不同而經常改變,但於其網頁多有詳述。
四大行聘請新人未必理會申請人主修科目,每年均有招聘不少其他主修如金融、管理甚至物理、電腦等。當大多數新人需應考HKICPA的QP專業試時,四大亦會提供所需的「轉制課程」,然請留意合約上多有聲明短時間離職可能需為該「轉制課程」付款。除此以外,亦有為考生提供補習班、study leave及no-paid leave等。
LCCI 英國倫敦工商會 http://www.lccieb.com/Web/lccieb/index.aspx
LCCI 係英國其實仲有好多exam, 基本上有關商業的原素都有得考. 就連打字都有. 但係香港, 比較多人熟悉的就是 account. 因為報紙請人多數係lcci (account clerk). 而lcci account 當中又可分為4個級別(level 1-4). 市場上一般考到level 3經已足夠.
Level 2 係等於 中五 會考會計學原理既 syllabus. Level 3 係 中七. 由於LCCI只係集中考account為主. 所以對升識幫助吾大. 但卻係入account 行業的初階要求. 同時 LCCI 係無需順住考. 您夠膽, 又夠料. 可以直考 level 3 or 4. skip左任何一張都得. 您考到果張pass, 就視為award 果個資格. 而且係吾睇經驗
Buffers
Phosphate Buffers
The phosphates are among the most widely used buffers. These solutions have high buffering capacity and are very useful in the pH range 6.5 to 7.5. Because phosphate is a natural constituent of cells and biological fluids, its presence afford a more "natural" environment than many buffers. Sodium or potassium phosphate solutions of all concentrations are easy to prepare. The major disadvantages of phosphate solutions are
1) precipiation or binding of common biological cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and
2) inhibition of some biological processes, including some enzymes.
Tris Buffer
The use of the synthetic buffer Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] is now probably greater than that of phosphate. It is useful in the pH range 7.5 to 8.5. Tris is available in a basic form as highly purified crystals, which makes buffer preparation especially convenient. To prepare solutions, the appropriate amount of Tris base is weighed and dissolved in water. For 1L of a 0.1M solution, 12.11g (0.1 mole) of Tris base is weighed and dissoved in 950 to 975 mL of distilled water. The pH is adjusted by addition of acid (concentrated hydrochloric if Tris-HCl is desired), with stirring, until the appropriate pH is attained. Water is added to a final volume of 1L and a final pH check is made. Although Tris is a primary amine, it causes minimal interference with biochemical processes and does not precipitate calcium ions. However, Tris has several disadvantages, including
1) pH dependence on concentration, since teh pH decreases 0.1 pH unit for each 10-fold dilution;
2) interference with some pH electrodes;
3) a large <pKa/'C compared to most other buffers. Most of these drawbacks can be minimized by adjusting the pH after dilution to the appropriate concentration, purchasing electrodes that are compatible with Tris, and preparing teh buffer at the temperature at which it will be used.
Carboxylic Acid Buffers
The most widely used buffers in this category are acetate, formate, citrate, and succinate. This group is useful in teh pH range 3-6, a region that offers few other buffer choices. All of these acids are natural metablites, so they may interfere with the biological processes under investigation. Also, citrate and succinate may interfere by binding metal ions (Fe3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, etc.) Formate buffers are especially useful because they are volatile and can be removed by evaporation under reduced pressure.
Borate Buffers
Buffers of boric acid are useful in the pH range 8.5-10. Borate has teh major disadvantage of complex formation with many metabolites, especially carbohydrates.
Amino Acid Buffers
The most commonly used amino acid buffers are glycine (pH 2-3, and 9.5-10.5), histidine (pH5.5-6.5), glycine amide (pH 7.8-8.8), and glycylglycine (pH 8-9). These provide a more "natural" environment to cellular components and extracts; however, they may interfere with some biological processes, as do the carboxylic acid and phosphate buffers.
The phosphates are among the most widely used buffers. These solutions have high buffering capacity and are very useful in the pH range 6.5 to 7.5. Because phosphate is a natural constituent of cells and biological fluids, its presence afford a more "natural" environment than many buffers. Sodium or potassium phosphate solutions of all concentrations are easy to prepare. The major disadvantages of phosphate solutions are
1) precipiation or binding of common biological cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and
2) inhibition of some biological processes, including some enzymes.
Tris Buffer
The use of the synthetic buffer Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] is now probably greater than that of phosphate. It is useful in the pH range 7.5 to 8.5. Tris is available in a basic form as highly purified crystals, which makes buffer preparation especially convenient. To prepare solutions, the appropriate amount of Tris base is weighed and dissolved in water. For 1L of a 0.1M solution, 12.11g (0.1 mole) of Tris base is weighed and dissoved in 950 to 975 mL of distilled water. The pH is adjusted by addition of acid (concentrated hydrochloric if Tris-HCl is desired), with stirring, until the appropriate pH is attained. Water is added to a final volume of 1L and a final pH check is made. Although Tris is a primary amine, it causes minimal interference with biochemical processes and does not precipitate calcium ions. However, Tris has several disadvantages, including
1) pH dependence on concentration, since teh pH decreases 0.1 pH unit for each 10-fold dilution;
2) interference with some pH electrodes;
3) a large <pKa/'C compared to most other buffers. Most of these drawbacks can be minimized by adjusting the pH after dilution to the appropriate concentration, purchasing electrodes that are compatible with Tris, and preparing teh buffer at the temperature at which it will be used.
Carboxylic Acid Buffers
The most widely used buffers in this category are acetate, formate, citrate, and succinate. This group is useful in teh pH range 3-6, a region that offers few other buffer choices. All of these acids are natural metablites, so they may interfere with the biological processes under investigation. Also, citrate and succinate may interfere by binding metal ions (Fe3+, Zn2+, Mg2+, etc.) Formate buffers are especially useful because they are volatile and can be removed by evaporation under reduced pressure.
Borate Buffers
Buffers of boric acid are useful in the pH range 8.5-10. Borate has teh major disadvantage of complex formation with many metabolites, especially carbohydrates.
Amino Acid Buffers
The most commonly used amino acid buffers are glycine (pH 2-3, and 9.5-10.5), histidine (pH5.5-6.5), glycine amide (pH 7.8-8.8), and glycylglycine (pH 8-9). These provide a more "natural" environment to cellular components and extracts; however, they may interfere with some biological processes, as do the carboxylic acid and phosphate buffers.
別讓深愛你的人受傷
請放手，好讓別人有機會愛她，如果你愛的人放棄了你，請放開自己，好讓自己有機會愛別人！
有的東西你再喜歡也不會屬於你的，有的東西你再留也注定要放棄的，人生中有許多種愛，但別讓愛成為一種傷害。
有些緣分是注定要失去的，有些緣分是永遠都不會有好結果的，愛一個人不一定要擁有，但擁有一個人就一定要好好去愛他。
如果真誠是一種傷害，我選擇諾言；如果諾言是一種傷害，我選擇沉默；如果沉默是一種傷害，我選擇離開。
如果失去是苦，你怕不怕付出，如果迷亂是苦，你會不會選擇結束，如果追求是苦，你會不會選擇執迷不悟，如果分離是苦，你要向誰傾訴，好多事情都是後來才看清楚，好多事情當時一點也不覺得苦，然而我已經找不到來時的路。
有一種愛，明明是深愛，卻說不出來，有一種愛，明明想放棄，卻無法放棄。有一種愛，明明是煎熬，卻又放不開，有一種愛，明知無前路，心卻早已收不回來。
決定放棄你的那一刻我哭了，我的眼淚證明我是真的愛你。
我們永遠都不要提分手好嗎？愛你不是遊戲。愛你是真心的。忘記你我做不到。不管我們的解決是否完美.什麼是勇氣？是哭著要你愛我，還是哭著讓你離開，男人的自信來自一個女人對他的崇拜，女人的高傲來自一個男人對她的傾慕。永遠不要栽培你愛的男人。
你把他栽培的太好，結果只有兩個：他從此看不起你或他給人偷了。追求一個人的手法不需要太聰明，但離開的手法必須聰明絕頂！
為什麼我們總是不懂得珍惜眼前人？在未可預知的重逢裡，我們以為總會重逢，總會有緣再會，總以為有機會說一聲對不起，卻從沒想過每一次揮手道別，都可能是訣別，每一聲嘆息，都可能是人間最後的一聲嘆息。
一個男子的寂寞就是這樣的不堪一擊。如果一個女人對我伸出手，如果她的手指是熱的，她是誰對我其實已經並不重要。
也許愛情只是因為寂寞，需要找一個人來愛，即使沒有任何結局。
傷口是別人給與的恥辱，自己堅持的幻覺。像我這樣的人，總是以一個難題的形式出現在感情裡。
發現自己只能愛一個人在一瞬間。而且漸漸變的自私。
很多人不需要再見，因為只是路過而已，遺忘就是我們給彼此最好的紀念。
我不知道一個人的一生可以有多少個十年給另一個人。
愛可以是一瞬間的事情，也可以是一輩子的事情，每個人都可以在不同的時間愛上不同的人，不是誰離開了誰就無法生活，遺忘讓我們堅強。
有的東西你再喜歡也不會屬於你的，有的東西你再留也注定要放棄的，人生中有許多種愛，但別讓愛成為一種傷害。
有些緣分是注定要失去的，有些緣分是永遠都不會有好結果的，愛一個人不一定要擁有，但擁有一個人就一定要好好去愛他。
如果真誠是一種傷害，我選擇諾言；如果諾言是一種傷害，我選擇沉默；如果沉默是一種傷害，我選擇離開。
如果失去是苦，你怕不怕付出，如果迷亂是苦，你會不會選擇結束，如果追求是苦，你會不會選擇執迷不悟，如果分離是苦，你要向誰傾訴，好多事情都是後來才看清楚，好多事情當時一點也不覺得苦，然而我已經找不到來時的路。
有一種愛，明明是深愛，卻說不出來，有一種愛，明明想放棄，卻無法放棄。有一種愛，明明是煎熬，卻又放不開，有一種愛，明知無前路，心卻早已收不回來。
決定放棄你的那一刻我哭了，我的眼淚證明我是真的愛你。
我們永遠都不要提分手好嗎？愛你不是遊戲。愛你是真心的。忘記你我做不到。不管我們的解決是否完美.什麼是勇氣？是哭著要你愛我，還是哭著讓你離開，男人的自信來自一個女人對他的崇拜，女人的高傲來自一個男人對她的傾慕。永遠不要栽培你愛的男人。
你把他栽培的太好，結果只有兩個：他從此看不起你或他給人偷了。追求一個人的手法不需要太聰明，但離開的手法必須聰明絕頂！
為什麼我們總是不懂得珍惜眼前人？在未可預知的重逢裡，我們以為總會重逢，總會有緣再會，總以為有機會說一聲對不起，卻從沒想過每一次揮手道別，都可能是訣別，每一聲嘆息，都可能是人間最後的一聲嘆息。
一個男子的寂寞就是這樣的不堪一擊。如果一個女人對我伸出手，如果她的手指是熱的，她是誰對我其實已經並不重要。
也許愛情只是因為寂寞，需要找一個人來愛，即使沒有任何結局。
傷口是別人給與的恥辱，自己堅持的幻覺。像我這樣的人，總是以一個難題的形式出現在感情裡。
發現自己只能愛一個人在一瞬間。而且漸漸變的自私。
很多人不需要再見，因為只是路過而已，遺忘就是我們給彼此最好的紀念。
我不知道一個人的一生可以有多少個十年給另一個人。
愛可以是一瞬間的事情，也可以是一輩子的事情，每個人都可以在不同的時間愛上不同的人，不是誰離開了誰就無法生活，遺忘讓我們堅強。
Saturday, 16 April 2011
Bargain!!!
My friend and I was shopping around when I found this bargain.
D&G watches -- 70% of the selling price in HKD
Burberry -- 80%
Tissot -- 75%
other brands -- 65%
Ooops!!! I got a D&G watch! (post its picture to you later)
The shop is located in Causeway Bay, I don't remember the exact location but it is near the MTR station.
Haha~if anyone wants to buy watches! You can PM me or leave comment for the information~ I could go there to get one for you.
Time to work~
D&G watches -- 70% of the selling price in HKD
Burberry -- 80%
Tissot -- 75%
other brands -- 65%
Ooops!!! I got a D&G watch! (post its picture to you later)
The shop is located in Causeway Bay, I don't remember the exact location but it is near the MTR station.
Haha~if anyone wants to buy watches! You can PM me or leave comment for the information~ I could go there to get one for you.
Time to work~
Friday, 15 April 2011
An Ode to a Love
The sun is sinking
my Eyes are sobbing
- as it cries my parting to you...
.
The Sun is missing
my heart is breaking
- as it beats my longing to you...
Soon, the sun is rising
my lips be uttering
- the special LOVE i'll cherish on you.
http://wwwthelonelyplanet.blogspot.com/?expref=next-blog
my Eyes are sobbing
- as it cries my parting to you...
.
The Sun is missing
my heart is breaking
- as it beats my longing to you...
Soon, the sun is rising
my lips be uttering
- the special LOVE i'll cherish on you.
http://wwwthelonelyplanet.blogspot.com/?expref=next-blog
Primary cell cultures
The cell types used in cell culture fall into two categories generally referred to as either a primary cultured or a cell line.
Primary cell cultures
Primary cultures are cells derived directly from tissues following enzymatic dissociation or from tissue fragments referred to as explain. These are usually the cells of preference, since it is argued that primary cultures retain their characteristics and reflect the true activity of the cell type in vivo. The disadvantage in using primary culture, is that isolation can be labor intensive and may produce a heterogeneous population of cells. Moreover primary cultures have a relatively limited life span and can be used over only a limited period of time in culture.
Primary cultures can be obtained from many different tissues and the source from the endothelium of blood vessels are referred to as endothelial cells whilst those isolated from teh medial layer of the blood vessels and other similar tissues are smooth muscle cells. Although both can be obtained from the same vessels, endothelial cells are different in morphology and function, generally growing as a single monolayer characterised by a cobble-stoned morphology. Smooth muscle cells on the other hand are elongated, with spindle-like projections at either end and grow in layers even when maintained in culture. In addition to these cell types there are several other widely used primary cultures derived from a diverse range of tissues, including fibroblasts from connective tissue, lymphocytes from blood, neurones from nervous tissues and hepatocytes from liver tissue.
Primary cell cultures
Primary cultures are cells derived directly from tissues following enzymatic dissociation or from tissue fragments referred to as explain. These are usually the cells of preference, since it is argued that primary cultures retain their characteristics and reflect the true activity of the cell type in vivo. The disadvantage in using primary culture, is that isolation can be labor intensive and may produce a heterogeneous population of cells. Moreover primary cultures have a relatively limited life span and can be used over only a limited period of time in culture.
Primary cultures can be obtained from many different tissues and the source from the endothelium of blood vessels are referred to as endothelial cells whilst those isolated from teh medial layer of the blood vessels and other similar tissues are smooth muscle cells. Although both can be obtained from the same vessels, endothelial cells are different in morphology and function, generally growing as a single monolayer characterised by a cobble-stoned morphology. Smooth muscle cells on the other hand are elongated, with spindle-like projections at either end and grow in layers even when maintained in culture. In addition to these cell types there are several other widely used primary cultures derived from a diverse range of tissues, including fibroblasts from connective tissue, lymphocytes from blood, neurones from nervous tissues and hepatocytes from liver tissue.
Prey I Hunted -- 80% selling price Watches I could get~
Today, I have shopping around and meet my friends~ Some of them are working in Watches Shop. They have got some employee discount.--20% off
I have seen the watches below they give to me and choose DW0267 with price HKD$1320.
Here is the bargain I've found today. ~ I'm lucky to have these friends^^
Separation Examples -- Insights Into the "minds" of chromatographers
Amino Acids (Column, ionic modifier)
a) Underivatised amino acids (C8, citrate -SDS)
b) underivatised amino acids (amine, phosphate)
c) iodoamino acids (c8, acetic acid)
d) 3-methylhistidine (c18, C6SO3Na)
e,f) PTH-amino acids (C18, ammonium acetate)
g,h) dansyl-amino acids (C18, phosphate)
i) dansylated protein hydrolysate (C18, phosphate)
j) dinitrophenyl-amio acids derivative (silica, isoctane-iPrOH-CH2Cl2)
k) Dansyl-amino acids (C8, C12-dien-Zn(II))
l) dansyl-amino acid enantiomers (C8, L-2-isopropyl-dien-Zn(II))
m) resolution of D, L-Valine (C18, Cu (L-Pro)2)
n, o) fluorescent O-phthalaldehyde-amino acid derivatives (C18, phosphate)
The effective separation of amino acids and their derivatives has been readily achieved by reversed phase HPLC. The examples A to O in this section show a representative selection of separations of these solutes. In addition, the following sections of teh text give useful information.
Separation of free amino acids.
The polar amino acids are insufficiently retained on non-polar, reversed phase columns for adequate resolution. Example A shows that the use of a mobile phase which contains sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) allows adequate retention and thus separation of these solute. Alternatively a polar column (Example B) can be used to achieve this separation.
Example C shows that a buffered aqueous mobile phase is adequate to achieve the separation of the relatively hydrophobic, iodeamino acids. Similarly reversed phase HPLC has been particularly successful in the separation of tryphtophan and other aromatic amino acids from a variety of extracts. A recent example is the analysis of tryphtophan and phenylalanine metabolites in urine by M. Ghebregzabher, et al. Alternatively HPLC techniques can be used to monitor enzymatic activities, such as tryptophan 5-mono-oxygenase activity in brain preparations.
The analysis of polar amino acids in the complex mixtures present in tissue preparations can be achieved with the use of hydrophobic ion pairing reagents. Example D shows a typical separation that was achieved with an alkysulphonate and allowed the analysis of 3-methylhistidine in urine. Baker et al used hexane sulphonate in the analysis of guanidino compounds such as arginine and taurocyamine.
a) Underivatised amino acids (C8, citrate -SDS)
b) underivatised amino acids (amine, phosphate)
c) iodoamino acids (c8, acetic acid)
d) 3-methylhistidine (c18, C6SO3Na)
e,f) PTH-amino acids (C18, ammonium acetate)
g,h) dansyl-amino acids (C18, phosphate)
i) dansylated protein hydrolysate (C18, phosphate)
j) dinitrophenyl-amio acids derivative (silica, isoctane-iPrOH-CH2Cl2)
k) Dansyl-amino acids (C8, C12-dien-Zn(II))
l) dansyl-amino acid enantiomers (C8, L-2-isopropyl-dien-Zn(II))
m) resolution of D, L-Valine (C18, Cu (L-Pro)2)
n, o) fluorescent O-phthalaldehyde-amino acid derivatives (C18, phosphate)
The effective separation of amino acids and their derivatives has been readily achieved by reversed phase HPLC. The examples A to O in this section show a representative selection of separations of these solutes. In addition, the following sections of teh text give useful information.
Separation of free amino acids.
The polar amino acids are insufficiently retained on non-polar, reversed phase columns for adequate resolution. Example A shows that the use of a mobile phase which contains sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) allows adequate retention and thus separation of these solute. Alternatively a polar column (Example B) can be used to achieve this separation.
Example C shows that a buffered aqueous mobile phase is adequate to achieve the separation of the relatively hydrophobic, iodeamino acids. Similarly reversed phase HPLC has been particularly successful in the separation of tryphtophan and other aromatic amino acids from a variety of extracts. A recent example is the analysis of tryphtophan and phenylalanine metabolites in urine by M. Ghebregzabher, et al. Alternatively HPLC techniques can be used to monitor enzymatic activities, such as tryptophan 5-mono-oxygenase activity in brain preparations.
The analysis of polar amino acids in the complex mixtures present in tissue preparations can be achieved with the use of hydrophobic ion pairing reagents. Example D shows a typical separation that was achieved with an alkysulphonate and allowed the analysis of 3-methylhistidine in urine. Baker et al used hexane sulphonate in the analysis of guanidino compounds such as arginine and taurocyamine.
Equipment design
Most commercial systems can be purchased in a form which includes gradient elution capabilitie, a variable vavelength detecter capable of wavelengths down to 200 nm, and/or a refractive index detector and a low dead-volume injector.
There are a large number of liquid chromatographs available and the choice can be rather bewildering. Almost all current manufacturers produce a reliable instrument and an individual's choice is often determined by factors such as good local service from a particular firm and the amount of money available to purchase the instrument. The researcher should also carefully consider teh experimental requirements of the separations that are to be achieved; for example, a 254nm UV detector is of little use for monitoring the separation of pepetides and proteins which are best detected at 206-226 nm, or a saturated lipid, which does not exhibit significant absorption above 195 nm, will require another form of detection, e.g. refractive index.
Most modern systems are based on a constant volume reciprocating pump which can generate pressures of up to 6000 psi, which is a practical upper limit as many columns do not have a satisfactory life-time much above 5000 psi. On the other hand, the use of the viscous eluants such as propanol can require pressures of 3000 psi. Pulse free pumps are neccessary as pulsations within the system can result in a noisy detector baseline and thus raise the detection limits in sensitive assays. Multi-head reciprocating pumps have been designed to operate in an asymmetric manner and thus compensate for variations in flow rates during the strokes of piston. Such a system when used with small volume pistons allows the rapid generation of almost pulse free gradients which is an important feature for the analysis of biological samples. It is essential that the pump(s) maintain constant operating conditions so that retention times in consecutive replicate assays should agree by 0.5%.
A major difference between many commercial systems is the use of one or two pumps for the generation of a solvent gradient. The gradient can be formed on either the low or high pressure side of the pump system. Either system can be used to generate reliable gradients provided small-volume piston pumps are used and teh mixing vessel has a minimal total volume (0.6 mL or less) which allows rapid and complete mixing of the solvents. A new advance in pump design has occurred with teh development of microprocessor controls which allow the use of a single multi-headed pump for the generation of complex gradient shapes.
An alternative to teh continuous gradient is the stepwise change of the mobile phase by means of a solvent select value. If there is a sufficiently large number of solvent changes, the " stepwise gradient" approaches the true gradient. Since this system requires only the pump it is less expensive and with an optimal set-up the performance of this system can approach that of a true gradient apparatus.
Other options which individual separations can require are temperature control, flow programming, complex gradient generation, variable wavelength UV detection, UV scanning of peaks during a run, fraction collecting, recycle mode, higher flow rates for preparative columns, fluorescent detection, automatic injecion and sampling, and intergration facilities. A major advantage of microprocessor controlled facilities is that the instrument can be programmed to execute a multi-step gradient analysis and then re-equilibrate the column for the next analysis. On the more expensive instruments, the control system can allow unattended methods development with repeated injections under different chromatographic conditions, thus allowing rapid development of the optimum separation conditions. Since the analysis of a biological sample depends on teh complex interaction of a number of variables, a microprocessor control system is not an expensive luxury but rather an important part of the modern liquid chromatograph.
There are a large number of liquid chromatographs available and the choice can be rather bewildering. Almost all current manufacturers produce a reliable instrument and an individual's choice is often determined by factors such as good local service from a particular firm and the amount of money available to purchase the instrument. The researcher should also carefully consider teh experimental requirements of the separations that are to be achieved; for example, a 254nm UV detector is of little use for monitoring the separation of pepetides and proteins which are best detected at 206-226 nm, or a saturated lipid, which does not exhibit significant absorption above 195 nm, will require another form of detection, e.g. refractive index.
Most modern systems are based on a constant volume reciprocating pump which can generate pressures of up to 6000 psi, which is a practical upper limit as many columns do not have a satisfactory life-time much above 5000 psi. On the other hand, the use of the viscous eluants such as propanol can require pressures of 3000 psi. Pulse free pumps are neccessary as pulsations within the system can result in a noisy detector baseline and thus raise the detection limits in sensitive assays. Multi-head reciprocating pumps have been designed to operate in an asymmetric manner and thus compensate for variations in flow rates during the strokes of piston. Such a system when used with small volume pistons allows the rapid generation of almost pulse free gradients which is an important feature for the analysis of biological samples. It is essential that the pump(s) maintain constant operating conditions so that retention times in consecutive replicate assays should agree by 0.5%.
A major difference between many commercial systems is the use of one or two pumps for the generation of a solvent gradient. The gradient can be formed on either the low or high pressure side of the pump system. Either system can be used to generate reliable gradients provided small-volume piston pumps are used and teh mixing vessel has a minimal total volume (0.6 mL or less) which allows rapid and complete mixing of the solvents. A new advance in pump design has occurred with teh development of microprocessor controls which allow the use of a single multi-headed pump for the generation of complex gradient shapes.
An alternative to teh continuous gradient is the stepwise change of the mobile phase by means of a solvent select value. If there is a sufficiently large number of solvent changes, the " stepwise gradient" approaches the true gradient. Since this system requires only the pump it is less expensive and with an optimal set-up the performance of this system can approach that of a true gradient apparatus.
Other options which individual separations can require are temperature control, flow programming, complex gradient generation, variable wavelength UV detection, UV scanning of peaks during a run, fraction collecting, recycle mode, higher flow rates for preparative columns, fluorescent detection, automatic injecion and sampling, and intergration facilities. A major advantage of microprocessor controlled facilities is that the instrument can be programmed to execute a multi-step gradient analysis and then re-equilibrate the column for the next analysis. On the more expensive instruments, the control system can allow unattended methods development with repeated injections under different chromatographic conditions, thus allowing rapid development of the optimum separation conditions. Since the analysis of a biological sample depends on teh complex interaction of a number of variables, a microprocessor control system is not an expensive luxury but rather an important part of the modern liquid chromatograph.
General texts
Several excellent general texts have been published on liquid chromatography and the reader is referred to the list at the end of the chapter for an introduction to the technique. Past developments have concentrated heavily on pharmaceutical applications, but the general concepts and techniques are quite applicable to teh analysis of biological materials.
What is HPLC?
What is HPLC?
HPLC is best decribed as high performance liquid chromatography since the essence of the technique is the highly resolutive separations which can be achieved by teh use of uniform microparticulate chromatographic supports and well designed equipment. Other acronyms such as high pressure or high speed liquid chromatography are often used but do not reflect the essential features of the technique.
The use of liquid chromatography for the analysis of biological materials has many advantages over teh classical technique of gas chromatography, since the liquid mobile phase allows the separation and recovery of substances which are not readily volatilized. In addition, liquid chromatography is to be preferred for molecules which have high polarity, high molecular weight, a number of ionic groups or thermal instability. Such as features are characteristic of most biological macromolecules, and have caused many difficulties in other chromatographic studies.
The use of a liquid instead of a gaseous phase introduces several important constraints on the chromatographic system. Since liquids are more viscous (20 to 200 times) and exhibit lower diffusion rates (3,000 to 30, 000 times) than gases, the separation columns must be operated at higher pressures in high performance liquid chromatography (500 -5000 psi) than in gas chromatography. The analysis time is kept short in liquid chromatography by the use of small columns (typically 4 mm by 30 cm) and small particle sizes (<10u). Recently analysis times have been further improved by the introduction of 5-6u particles. HPLC columns are usually 25 to 50 cm long and have internal diamters from 2 to 4 mm with linear flow velocities of teh mobile phase of typically 20 cm/min; conventional columns are much larger and have usual elution velocities of 0.1 cm/min. Another advantage in HPLC is that closed, reusable columns are used, thus hundreds of samples can be run through an individual coumn without repacking.
Biological macromolecules are usually structurally complex. For example, nucleic acids often exhibit molecular weights in excess of 1x10^6, while proteins, although smaller, exhibit great diversity due to teh occurrence of twenty different amino acids in protein sequences. Polysaccharides often contain an enormous number of branch points in the carbohydrate backbone and therefore can present a tremendous separation challenge. In many classes of lipid the nature of any esterified fatty acid is highly heterogeneous, with saturated and unsaturated acids of different chain lengths present in many purified lipid preparations.
It is clear, therefore, that the selectivity available with microparticulate silica-based columns will be fully utilized in biological analysis. Already several published seaprations suggest that the resolving power of this new chromatographic technique is excellent, eg. porcine insulin is well separated from the monodesamido derivative (charge difference of -1), ovine and porcine endorphins (difference of a single methyl group) can be completely resolved.
HPLC is best decribed as high performance liquid chromatography since the essence of the technique is the highly resolutive separations which can be achieved by teh use of uniform microparticulate chromatographic supports and well designed equipment. Other acronyms such as high pressure or high speed liquid chromatography are often used but do not reflect the essential features of the technique.
The use of liquid chromatography for the analysis of biological materials has many advantages over teh classical technique of gas chromatography, since the liquid mobile phase allows the separation and recovery of substances which are not readily volatilized. In addition, liquid chromatography is to be preferred for molecules which have high polarity, high molecular weight, a number of ionic groups or thermal instability. Such as features are characteristic of most biological macromolecules, and have caused many difficulties in other chromatographic studies.
The use of a liquid instead of a gaseous phase introduces several important constraints on the chromatographic system. Since liquids are more viscous (20 to 200 times) and exhibit lower diffusion rates (3,000 to 30, 000 times) than gases, the separation columns must be operated at higher pressures in high performance liquid chromatography (500 -5000 psi) than in gas chromatography. The analysis time is kept short in liquid chromatography by the use of small columns (typically 4 mm by 30 cm) and small particle sizes (<10u). Recently analysis times have been further improved by the introduction of 5-6u particles. HPLC columns are usually 25 to 50 cm long and have internal diamters from 2 to 4 mm with linear flow velocities of teh mobile phase of typically 20 cm/min; conventional columns are much larger and have usual elution velocities of 0.1 cm/min. Another advantage in HPLC is that closed, reusable columns are used, thus hundreds of samples can be run through an individual coumn without repacking.
Biological macromolecules are usually structurally complex. For example, nucleic acids often exhibit molecular weights in excess of 1x10^6, while proteins, although smaller, exhibit great diversity due to teh occurrence of twenty different amino acids in protein sequences. Polysaccharides often contain an enormous number of branch points in the carbohydrate backbone and therefore can present a tremendous separation challenge. In many classes of lipid the nature of any esterified fatty acid is highly heterogeneous, with saturated and unsaturated acids of different chain lengths present in many purified lipid preparations.
It is clear, therefore, that the selectivity available with microparticulate silica-based columns will be fully utilized in biological analysis. Already several published seaprations suggest that the resolving power of this new chromatographic technique is excellent, eg. porcine insulin is well separated from the monodesamido derivative (charge difference of -1), ovine and porcine endorphins (difference of a single methyl group) can be completely resolved.
Wednesday, 13 April 2011
Pavlova 雜莓
材料: for 4-6
蛋白 3 隻
砂糖 120 克
白酒醋 1 茶匙
粟粉 1 茶匙
覆盆子果茸 2 湯匙
藍莓 1 盒
士多啤梨 6粒
做法
1. 打發蛋白至企身, 砂糖分兩次加入拂打擊
2. 放糖、醋及粟粉
3. 將打好的蛋白霜搯到鋪上牛油紙的焗盤上，造成直徑10cm的圓形
4. 用匙羹輕輕壓出小凹位
5. 150度焗1小時
6. 放上藍莓及一開四之士多啤梨，最後淋上覆盆子果茸
蛋白 3 隻
砂糖 120 克
白酒醋 1 茶匙
粟粉 1 茶匙
覆盆子果茸 2 湯匙
藍莓 1 盒
士多啤梨 6粒
做法
1. 打發蛋白至企身, 砂糖分兩次加入拂打擊
2. 放糖、醋及粟粉
3. 將打好的蛋白霜搯到鋪上牛油紙的焗盤上，造成直徑10cm的圓形
4. 用匙羹輕輕壓出小凹位
5. 150度焗1小時
6. 放上藍莓及一開四之士多啤梨，最後淋上覆盆子果茸
Tres Leche cake
Tres Leche cake
Tres Leche Cake was served at the Historymakers Gala at Camelback Inn on February 11. It was an historic evening with an awesome menu. Of course, I loved the desserts. This was one of them. Found this recipe on allrecipe.com. Another dessert that is so delicious is Summer Trifle on page 154 of Tastes & Treasures.We also premiered the new Centennial book ARIZONA Recollections and Reflections that night. Wonderful history of Arizona and it's Historymakers.
Ingredients
* 3/4 cup butter, softened
* 1 1/2 cups white sugar
* 9 egg yolks
* 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
* 2 cups all-purpose flour
* 1 1/2 teaspoons baking powder
* 1 cup milk
* 9 egg whites
* 1 teaspoon cream of tartar
* 2 cups heavy whipping cream
* 1 (5 ounce) can evaporated milk
* 1 (14 ounce) can sweetened condensed milk
* 2 cups heavy whipping cream
* 1 cup white sugar
Directions
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease and flour a 9x13 inch pan.
2. In a large bowl, cream together the butter and sugar until light and fluffy. Add the egg yolks one at a time, beating well with each addition, then stir in the vanilla. Sift together the flour and baking powder. Add the flour mixture alternately with the milk; beat well after each addition. In a large glass or metal mixing bowl, beat egg whites and cream of tartar until whites form stiff peaks. Gently fold the egg whites into the cake batter using a rubber spatula. Spread the mixture evenly into the prepared pan.
3. Bake in the preheated oven for 25 to 30 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the cake comes out clean. Allow to cool.
4. In a small bowl, stir together the 2 cups heavy cream, evaporated milk and sweetened condensed milk. Pour the mixture over the cake until it wont absorb any more. You may have 1/3 to 1/4 left over. That's okay.
5. Combine the whipped cream and sugar, spread over soaked cake. Refrigerate cake until serving, Pour leftover milk mixture onto plates and swirl in jam if desired, before setting cake on the plates.
Nutritional Information open nutritional information
Amount Per Serving Calories: 365 | Total Fat: 20.7g | Cholesterol: 141mg
Monday, 11 April 2011
FT Island After Love
FT Island --After Love 사랑후애
<---A good song I recently listen to^^---->
<--- If you are learning korean like me, recommend you to listen la-->
English lyrics:
<---A good song I recently listen to^^---->
<--- If you are learning korean like me, recommend you to listen la-->
English lyrics:
Lyrics:
I thought you were my love, my life, and
You held my whole world in your hands
How could I let you say:" good bye", I believed you were the one
My soul could only smile with you
My heart can only beat with you
To me you was true happiness
Like a fool, I believed in your love
And, it was all a lie
Oh, it was all a lie
Your love-with-me-completely was totally a lie
This love has cut me deep inside,
caused chaos in my mind
Leaving me with nothing but to cry
You said that you'd never go
Did you protect me? No
Your love-with-me-completely was totally a lie
Because you've taken all of my heart
Love's tearing me apart
Suddenly, you're telling me: "good bye"
A dream: receiving your lover's true heart
And giving mine, Saying you'll never be apart
Like a fool, I let you have it all
I believed that you were mine
And, it was all a lie
Oh, it was all a lie
Your love with-me-completely was totally a lie
This love has cut me deep inside
caused chaos in my mind
Leaving me with nothing but to cry
You said that you'd never go
Did you protect me? No
Your love with-me-completely was totally a lie
Because you've taken all of my heart
Love's tearing me apart
Suddenly, you're telling me:" good bye"
What my hearts felt was a lie
The words you spoke were also a lie
When you told me it will be forever, you lied
It was a heartless crime to leave me here with hope
Where did you go?
Where did you go? Far away...
I need to tell you I love you
Won't you Please come back to me
I'm begging, don't you see
Without you, To love I say to it : "good bye"
Though it's cut me deep inside
Caused chaos in my mind
I'm waiting, just to look into your eyes
Because It was all a lie
Oh This is all a lie
Your love with-me-completely was totally a lie
Because you're my only one
When will world return?
Will I wait until the Day I die?
I thought you were my love, my life, and
You held my whole world in your hands
How could I let you say:" good bye", I believed you were the one
My soul could only smile with you
My heart can only beat with you
To me you was true happiness
Like a fool, I believed in your love
And, it was all a lie
Oh, it was all a lie
Your love-with-me-completely was totally a lie
This love has cut me deep inside,
caused chaos in my mind
Leaving me with nothing but to cry
You said that you'd never go
Did you protect me? No
Your love-with-me-completely was totally a lie
Because you've taken all of my heart
Love's tearing me apart
Suddenly, you're telling me: "good bye"
A dream: receiving your lover's true heart
And giving mine, Saying you'll never be apart
Like a fool, I let you have it all
I believed that you were mine
And, it was all a lie
Oh, it was all a lie
Your love with-me-completely was totally a lie
This love has cut me deep inside
caused chaos in my mind
Leaving me with nothing but to cry
You said that you'd never go
Did you protect me? No
Your love with-me-completely was totally a lie
Because you've taken all of my heart
Love's tearing me apart
Suddenly, you're telling me:" good bye"
What my hearts felt was a lie
The words you spoke were also a lie
When you told me it will be forever, you lied
It was a heartless crime to leave me here with hope
Where did you go?
Where did you go? Far away...
I need to tell you I love you
Won't you Please come back to me
I'm begging, don't you see
Without you, To love I say to it : "good bye"
Though it's cut me deep inside
Caused chaos in my mind
I'm waiting, just to look into your eyes
Because It was all a lie
Oh This is all a lie
Your love with-me-completely was totally a lie
Because you're my only one
When will world return?
Will I wait until the Day I die?
Hagual lyrics
Nae sarangiira saengakhaetgo
Nae juhnboorago saengakhaetgo
Nae majimakii dwil sarang geugeh nuhrago miduhsuh
Nuh hanamaneul wihae ootgo
Nuh hanamaneul wihae sargo
Geueh haengbok irgguhrago ni sarangeul midutneundeh
Modu da guhjitmariya da guhjitmariya
Nuh-eh sarangeun da guhjitmariya
Itorok apeugeh haesuh
Nar seurpeugeh haesuh oolligo gan sarangijanah
Namaneul saranghandago nal jikyuhjoondago
Nuh-eh sarangeun da gujitmariya
Nae maeum da gajyuhgago sarangdo gajyuhgagoh
Ddunaneun geh sarang ii janah
Han saramehgeh sarang badgo
Han saramehgeh sarangjoogo
Geu saramii nuhilgguhra babochuhruhm midutneundeh
Namaneul saranghandago nal jikyuhjoondago
Nuh-eh sarangeun da gujitmariya
Nae maeum da gajyuhgago sarangdo gajyuhgagoh
Ddunaneun geh sarang ii janah
Sarangiirahneun mareun guhjitmal
Sarangeul handan mardoh guhjitmal
Youngwoniiraneun mardoh guhjitmal
Doraondaneun yaksokmaneul naegeh namgin chae
Geudaeneun uhdiroh (jakkuman muruhjanah)
Geudaeneun uhdiroh murhuhjigoh muruhjyuhdoh
Naneun nuh hanamaneul saranghae
Nuh dashi doraorkabwa naegehroh orkabwa
Naneun sarangeul dashi mot-hajana
Itorok apeuge haedoh nal seurpeugehhaedoh
Nuh hanaman gidarijana
Modu da guhjitmariya da guhjitmariya
Oori ibyureun da guhjitmariiya
Niga nae sarang iinika nae junbooiinikka
Nuh hanaman gidarijana
Nae juhnboorago saengakhaetgo
Nae majimakii dwil sarang geugeh nuhrago miduhsuh
Nuh hanamaneul wihae ootgo
Nuh hanamaneul wihae sargo
Geueh haengbok irgguhrago ni sarangeul midutneundeh
Modu da guhjitmariya da guhjitmariya
Nuh-eh sarangeun da guhjitmariya
Itorok apeugeh haesuh
Nar seurpeugeh haesuh oolligo gan sarangijanah
Namaneul saranghandago nal jikyuhjoondago
Nuh-eh sarangeun da gujitmariya
Nae maeum da gajyuhgago sarangdo gajyuhgagoh
Ddunaneun geh sarang ii janah
Han saramehgeh sarang badgo
Han saramehgeh sarangjoogo
Geu saramii nuhilgguhra babochuhruhm midutneundeh
Namaneul saranghandago nal jikyuhjoondago
Nuh-eh sarangeun da gujitmariya
Nae maeum da gajyuhgago sarangdo gajyuhgagoh
Ddunaneun geh sarang ii janah
Sarangiirahneun mareun guhjitmal
Sarangeul handan mardoh guhjitmal
Youngwoniiraneun mardoh guhjitmal
Doraondaneun yaksokmaneul naegeh namgin chae
Geudaeneun uhdiroh (jakkuman muruhjanah)
Geudaeneun uhdiroh murhuhjigoh muruhjyuhdoh
Naneun nuh hanamaneul saranghae
Nuh dashi doraorkabwa naegehroh orkabwa
Naneun sarangeul dashi mot-hajana
Itorok apeuge haedoh nal seurpeugehhaedoh
Nuh hanaman gidarijana
Modu da guhjitmariya da guhjitmariya
Oori ibyureun da guhjitmariiya
Niga nae sarang iinika nae junbooiinikka
Nuh hanaman gidarijana
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